Jettison 1 7 5 Cylinder

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• 2 7.5cm PaK 40/1 auf Geschutzenwagen FCM(f) (Marder I) Specification

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7.5cm PaK 40/1 auf Geschutzenwagen FCM(f) (Marder I) History

The German invasion of the Soviet Union through Operation Barbarossa (June 1941) taught the Germans that their current-generation tanks were not up to the challenge of disabling better-armored Soviet ones. As such, much work and expense was placed on devising battlefield tank-killing solutions and this spawned many projects involving conversions of existing tracked vehicles. Among these was the' Marder' series of converted vehicles led by the Marder I series.

After the Fall of France in June 1940, the German Army was able to secure a stock of about 37 or so FCM 36 tanks and these were taken into service under the designation of Panzerkampfwagen 737 FCM(f). From there, some ten of the fleet were modified as tank destroyers under the 'Marder I' name in 1943, their primary armament becoming the 75mm PaK 40 series ant-tank gun and this installed within an open-air superstructure. The Marder I became a generic name for first-generation conversions like this that also included about 170-180 built atop the chassis of the French 'Lorraine' tractor and the Hotchkiss H39 tank.

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Those FCM 36 tanks converted to the tank-killer role were formally designated 7.5cm PaK 40(Sf) auf Geschutzenwagen FCM (f) and became generally recognized as 'Marder I'. The conversion work was handled in Paris, France.

As with other conversions of this type, the turret of the FCM 36 tank was completed removed and over this space was fitted a thin-walled hull superstructure with an open top. The PaK 40 L/46 gun protruded from the frontal face of the superstructure and the three-man gunnery crew used this are as a workspace. The area also held the 50 rounds of 75mm projectiles at-the-ready. The rear of the superstructure allowed the crew to jettison spent shell casings. The driver managed the tank from within the hull and the original track-and-wheel and drive components (including engine) were retained from the French tank. Power was from a Ricardo-Berliet 4-cylinder diesel-fueled unit outputting 91 horsepower at 1,550rpm. Maximum road speed was 17mph and range was out to 124 miles.

Armor protection reached up to 40mm. Self-defense armament included a single 7.92mm MG34 machine gun with 2,000 rounds afforded to it. Beyond these were any personal weapons carried by the crew.

Dimensions included a running length of 4.7 meters, a width of 2 meters and a height of 2.2 meters.

As crude as the vehicle may have appeared, it was a needed commodity on World War 2 battlefields where more and more enemy tanks were heavily armored and pitched tank-versus-tank battles became the norm. With Germany's current-generation tanks not up to the challenge, conversions like the Marder I were required of the Army service. From 1943, the FCM 36-based Marder Is were stationed in, and fought, across northern France as part of Panzer divisions. In June of 1944, they were deployed against Allied forces during the Invasion of Normandy.

7.5cm PaK 40/1 auf Geschutzenwagen FCM(f) (Marder I) Specification

BASICS

ROLES

STRUCTURAL

POWER

PERFORMANCE

17 mph (28 kph)

124 miles (200 km)

ARMAMENT

1 x 7.5cm (75mm) PaK 40 L/46 anti-tank gun

1 x 7.92mm MG34 machine gun

50 x 75mm projectiles

2,000 x 7.92mm ammunition

VARIANTS

7.5cm PaK 40/1 auf Geschutzenwagen FCM(f) (Marder I) - Base series designation; based on the French FCM-36 tank chassis.

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Early production M3
Mid-production M3
Mid-production M3(diesel)
M3A1
M3A3

The M3 Stuart, known to the British as Stuart I or Honey (it was a 'Honey' of a tank), was an evolution of the light tank M2A4, which incorporated a trailing idler suspension to decrease ground pressure and improve weight distribution, a lengthened hull superstructure rear, and also thicker armor. The turret of the M3 had three pistol ports, in contrast to the M2A4's seven. The recoil mechanism of the Stuart was also shortened so that it did not project from the gun shield. Early production M3s had riveted turrets. A vertical gyrostabilizer was introduced in 1942.

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Jettison 1 7 5 Cylinder Engines

The turrets for the M3 Stuart were changed from riveted to welded, but the turret front plate remained bolted on. Late production M3s had round rolled homogeneous steel turrets, and forged steel turret race rings replaced the cast steel turret rings of earlier tanks. The cupolas on the round turrets were also round, and all cupola vision slots were eliminated, although four protected vision slots were reintroduced later. The hexagonal cupola's single hatch was replaced with a split hatch on the round cupola. The round turrets' pistol ports were also fitted with protectoscopes. Two 25gal (95L) jettison fuel tanks were also fitted to late-model tanks, increasing the Stuart's range.

Some late-model M3s were fitted with turrets lacking cupolas, but these turrets did not have a basket or power traverse. These tanks had the 37mm gun M6 in the gun mount M23, but production facilities could not get switched over to installing the turret basket and power traverse mechanism fast enough. The British dubbed these tanks Stuart Hybrid, as they were an amalgamation of the light tanks M3 and M3A1. Unfortunately, the gun mounts intended for tanks with power traverse had the independent traverse eliminated. Consequently, in Stuart Hybrids the gunner had no way to traverse his ordnance onto the target since the turret traverse was still controlled by a handwheel on the commander/loader's side of the turret, leading to a difficult fire control situation.

Yate 5 1 1 10. The 37mm gun M6 was 6' (15cm) longer than the earlier M5, and the M6 had a semiautomatic breechblock instead of the M5's manual breechblock.

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Jettison 1 7 5 Cylinder Engine

Jettison 1 7 5 Cylinder Motor

M3(diesel) tanks were called Stuart II by the British. The external difference between gasoline and diesel-powered Stuarts is the difference in length of the air intake pipes leading from the air cleaners on the rear hull to the engine compartment. The pipes on the gasoline-fueled tanks were shorter than those on the diesel tanks, and curved down into the rear deck plate immediately from the air cleaners. The pipes on the diesel tanks ran across the rear deck and through the screen above the engine.

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M3A1, or Stuart III, was fitted with a power traverse mechanism and a turret basket. M3A1s lacked a turret cupola, and were externally identical to Stuart Hybrids. Besides the 4410 gas-powered M3A1s, 211 M3A1s were powered by the Guiberson T-1020 diesel engine, and were called Stuart IV by the British. The first M3A1(diesel)s were accepted in August 1942. The fixed sponson machine guns were eliminated on M3A1, since tanks were often confined on roadways or by terrain, and the sponson guns could not be brought to bear in those situations.

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Jettison 1 7 5 Cylinder Engine

Jettison 1 7 5 Cylinder Motor

M3(diesel) tanks were called Stuart II by the British. The external difference between gasoline and diesel-powered Stuarts is the difference in length of the air intake pipes leading from the air cleaners on the rear hull to the engine compartment. The pipes on the gasoline-fueled tanks were shorter than those on the diesel tanks, and curved down into the rear deck plate immediately from the air cleaners. The pipes on the diesel tanks ran across the rear deck and through the screen above the engine.

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M3A1, or Stuart III, was fitted with a power traverse mechanism and a turret basket. M3A1s lacked a turret cupola, and were externally identical to Stuart Hybrids. Besides the 4410 gas-powered M3A1s, 211 M3A1s were powered by the Guiberson T-1020 diesel engine, and were called Stuart IV by the British. The first M3A1(diesel)s were accepted in August 1942. The fixed sponson machine guns were eliminated on M3A1, since tanks were often confined on roadways or by terrain, and the sponson guns could not be brought to bear in those situations.

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M3A3, or Stuart V, was modified to have a sloped hull similar to the light tank M5 Stuart. M3A3 was also fitted with a new turret incorporating a radio bustle and larger hatches. The new hull armor gave the drivers their own hatches (previously the assistant driver had to exit through the turret), and eliminated the drivers' doors in the front hull. The enlarged armor envelope allowed the air cleaners to be mounted internally, and two more fuel tanks were able to be incorporated into the vehicle. The M3A3's hull can be differentiated from that of the M5 Stuart by the fact that the rear deck on the M3A3 was flat, and the upper sides on the M3A3 were sloped. The increased weight imposed by the new hull design necessitated a change in the final drive ratio from 2.41:1 to 2.57:1. Steering effort was eased by the lenthening of the steering levers.

The designation of light tank M3A2 was reserved for a design of the M3A1 which was to have a welded homogeneous steel hull, but this tank never materialized.

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References

1. TM 9-726 Light Tank M3. Washington, DC: War Department, 15 July 1942.
2. Handbook on M2A4, M3 and M3A1 Light Tanks. Revised March 1942.
3. Hunnicutt, R.P. Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, volume 1. Navato, CA: Presidio Press, 1992.Reprinted with permission from Stuart, R.P. Hunnicutt ©1992, available from Presidio Press, 505B San Martin Drive, Suite 160, Navato, CA 94945.
4. TM 9-1728 Ordnance Maintenance--Power Train for Light Tanks M3 and M3A1. Washington, DC: War Department, 8 April 1942.
5. Catalogue of Standard Ordnance Items, 2nd edition 1944, volume 1. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Ordnance Technical Division, 1 June 1945.
6. Tank Data, vol. 2. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Ordnance School, Jul 1958.
7. Chamberlain, Peter, and Chris Ellis. British and American Tanks of World War Two. Frome, England: Cassell & Co., 2000.
8. Miller, David. The Illustrated Directory of Tanks of the World. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing Co., 2000.
9. Siemers, Cary. 'USA's M3 and M5 Light Tanks.' World War II Tanks & Vehicles and Advanced Squad Leader. 25 Nov 2000. 10 Dec 2000 .
10. Zuljan, Ralph. 'M3 Stuart.' Second World War Armor. 16 Mar 2000. 10 Dec 2000 . Second World War Armor
11. TM 9-1727 Guiberson Engine, Model T-1020. Washington, DC: War Department, 8 April 1942.
12. TM 9-727 Light Tanks M3A1 and M3A3. Washington, DC: War Department, 4 December 1943.
13. Zuljan, Ralph. 'M3A1 Stuart.' Second World War Armor. 16 Mar 2000. 10 Dec 2000 . Second World War Armor
14. Tank Data, vol. 2. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Ordnance School, Jul 1958.
15. TM 9-2800 Standard Military Motor Vehicles. Washington, DC: War Dept., 1 Sep 1943.
16. ---. 'M3A3 Stuart.' Second World War Armor. 16 Mar 2000. 10 Dec 2000 . Second World War Armor

Last updated 22 Sep 2021.
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